Bab
10 Sumber: Energy: Technology and Development, 1995
Pembangunan PLTN merupakan salah satu solusi timbulnya krisis energi yang suatu saat akan dialami penduduk Bumi.
Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas Hasil yang harus Anda capai: menunjukkan penerapan konsep Fisika inti dan radioaktivitas dalam teknologi dan kehidupan sehari-hari. Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu: • •
menganalisis karakteristik inti atom dan radioaktivitas; mendeskripsikan pemanfaatan radiokativitas dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dan teknologi untuk kesejahteraan manusia.
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Inti Atom Radioaktivitas Reaksi Inti Reaktor Nuklir, Bom Nuklir, dan Radioisotop
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257
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Informasi untuk Anda Eksperimen Rutherford menyatakan bahwa inti atom memiliki diameter sekitar 10–15 sampai 10–14 m. Dari teori kinetik dan khususnya analisis Einstein tentang gerak Browman, diameter atom memiliki ukuran sekitar 10–10 m. Itu artinya elektron akan terlihat berjarak sekitar 10.000 sampai 100.000 kali lipat ukuran inti diukur dari inti atom tersebut (jika inti diibaratkan bola baseball, atom akan memiliki diameter seukuran kota yang berdiameter beberapa kilometer). Jadi, sebuah atom sebagian besar berupa ruang kosong.
Information for You Rutherford’s experiments suggested that the nucleus must have a radius of about 10–5 to 10–14 m. From kinetic theory, and especially Einstein’s analysis of Browman movement, the radius of atoms was estimated to be about 10–10 m. Thus the electrons would seem to be at a distance from the nucleus of about 10,000 to 100,000 times the radius of the nucleus itself (if the nucleus were the size of a baseball, the atom would have the diameter of a big city several kilometers across). So an atom would be mostly empty space.
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hidrogen biasa
deuterium
tritium
proton neutron elektron
Gambar 10.1 Isotop hidrogen
Nomor neutron (N) 140 130 120 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Z=N
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Nomor proton (Z) Sumber: Konsep Fisika Modern, 1983
Gambar 10.2 Diagram kestabilan inti (N-Z)
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mantap
mantap
tidak mantap
10 5
11 5
125 B
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E
B
B
mantap
mantap
neutron proton
12 6
13 6
C
C
Sumber: Konsep Fisika Modern, 1983
Gambar 10.3 Tingkat energi beberapa isotop
Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas
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Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998
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Sumber: Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 2000
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Contoh 10.2
'7II7?IEJEF " 7:7B7> IC7 .;DJKA7D;D;H=??A7J?DJ? "@?A7C7II77JEC " IC7:7DC7II7D;KJHED IC7
Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998
262
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Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
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Tes Kompetensi Subbab
141
200
Gambar 10.4 Grafik energi ikat per nukleon terhadap nomor massa berbagai inti.
Kata Kunci • • • • • • • •
isotop hipotesis proton-elektron hipotesis proton-neutron nomor atom nomor massa nuklida defek massa energi ikat inti
A
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263
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2. Jenis-Jenis Radioaktif
magnet kuat P Q
sumber
ratemeter Sumber: Physics for ‘O’ Level, 1990
Gambar 10.5 Pengujian pembiasan sinar dalam medan magnet.
radium
sumber radioaktif
Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998
Gambar 10.6 Dalam medan magnet, hanya sinar yang tidak dibelokkan.
264
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Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
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2
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Gambar 10.7
Pemancaran dan peluruhan
27 12
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dalam
27 13
Al .
3 ,
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Tugas Anda 10.1 Carilah informasi mengenai pemanfaatan sinar , , dan
.
sumber radioaktif
kertas
aluminium
2 3
timbal
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Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998
Gambar 10.8 Daya tembus partikel
, , dan .
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+3'36;'4 '>'#+3(;9 %;HJ7IJ?F?I %KB?JC7DKI?7 BKC?D?KCCC .?C87BJ?F?I
Sumber: Physics for ‘O’ Level, 1990
Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas
265
3. Pelemahan Intensitas Sinar Radioaktif $?A7I?D7HH7:?E7AJ?<:?B;M7JA7DF7:7I;8K7>A;F?D=:;D=7DA;J;87B7D . J;HDN7J7 ?DJ;DI?J7I I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< I;8;BKC C;B;M7J? 87>7D B;8?> 8;I7H :7H?F7:7 I;J;B7> C;B;M7J? 87>7D *;B;C7>7D ?DJ;DI?J7I ?D? C;C;DK>? F;HI7C77D
.
X
Gambar 10.9 Pelemahan intensitas oleh bahan dengan ketebalan X.
P
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Tokoh Marie Curie (1867–1934)
.
.
. .
I;>?D==7 :?F;HEB;> .
P
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Contoh 10.3 Sumber: Science Encyclopedia, 1998
Marie Curie dilahirkan di Warsawa, Polandia. Nama aslinya adalah Marie Sklodowska. Ia belajar Matematika, Fisika, dan Kimia di Paris. Marie bersuamikan Pierre Curie seorang ahli fisika juga. Mereka bekerja sama dalam meneliti radiasi yang dihasilkan oleh bahan radioaktif dan mereka berhasil menemukan unsur thorium yang bersifat radioaktif. Pada 1898, mereka menemukan dua unsur radioaktif baru, yaitu polonium dan radium. Untuk keberhasilan ini, Marie dan Pierre Curie serta Henri Becquerel mendapat hadiah Nobel untuk bidang Fisika pada 1903. Pada 1910, Marie berhasil memisahkan radium murni dan mempelajari sifat-sifat kimianya. Untuk hasil kerja kerasnya ini, Marie kembali mendapatkan hadiah Nobel yang kedua dalam bidang kimia pada 1911. Marie meninggal tahun 1934 akibat kanker, yang mungkin disebabkan ia terlalu lama berinteraksi dengan bahanbahan radioaktif.
266
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Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
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:? C7D7 :?I;8KJ AEDIJ7DJ7 F;BKHK>7D N7D= C;HKF7A7D A7H7AJ;H?IJ?A :7H?IK7JKH7:?E?IEJEFJ;HJ;DJK .7D:7D;=7J?<C;DKD@KAA7D87>M7@KCB7> 7JEC KDIKH ?D:KA 8;HAKH7D= $?A7 +89'3''4 ? :??DJ;=H7I?A7D
*
* * * BD * :?F;HEB;>
; *
P %;J;H7D=7D @KCB7> ?DJ? H7:?E7AJ?< CKB7CKB7 @KCB7> ?DJ? H7:?E7AJ?< N7D= C;BKHK> F7:7 M7AJK * $KCB7> N7D= C;BKHK> F;H I7JK7D M7AJK 7:7B7> :?I;8KJ @K=7 :;D=7D"* , *):7H?IK7JKO7JH7:?E7AJ?< +89'3''4 ? :7F7J @K=7 :?JKB?I
; * 7J7K ; *
P
:;D=7D 7AJ?L?J7I H7:?E7AJ?< C;BKHK> F7:7 M7AJK * a. Waktu Paruh *7:7 M7AJK 7AJ?L?J7I 8;HK87> C;D@7:? I;J;D=7> 7AJ?L?J7I CKB7CKB7 C7A7 M7AJK N7D= :?F;HBKA7D KDJKA F;BKHK>7D :?I;8KJ -"*+ '(+ # # :7D :?I?D=A7J :;D=7D $7:? KDJKA *
+89'3''4 ? C;D@7:? BD BD
I;>?D==7 BD P
%EDIJ7DJ7F;BKHK>7D :7F7J:?HKCKIA7D:;D=7D "K8KD=7D 7DJ7H7 7AJ?L?J7I 7J7K @KCB7> 7JEC :;D=7D M7AJK F7HK> :?BKA?IA7D F7:7 '3('8 ;D=7D C;C;H>7J?A7D =H7
N = N0
1 2 N0 1 4 N0 1 8 N0 1 16 N0 T
2T
3T
4T
5T
Gambar 10.10 Peluruhan inti atom
Aktivitas (103 C/menit) 16 14 12 10
6 4 2 t
%
N
8
* :;D=7D%
N0
0
P
15
30 45
60
75
90
Gambar 10.11 Peluruhan unsur 23Na dengan T 1 = jam. 2
Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas
267
+89'3''4 ? C;DKD@KAA7D >K8KD=7D 7DJ7H7 ?DJ? 7JEC N7D= 8;BKC C;BKHK> ?DJ? I?I7 ?DJ? CKB7CKB7 :7D A;B?F7J7D M7AJK F7HK> $?A7 I;J?7F HK7I :?A7B?A7D 7A7D :?:7F7JA7D
%
%
P
%;J;H7D=7D 7AJ?L?J7I KDIKH I;J;B7> M7AJK * 7AJ?L?J7I KDIKH CKB7CKB7 ( "':;'4 !'*/5'1:/
,7 :?DN7J7A7D I;87=7? I7JK7D H7:?E7AJ?L?J7I
I;8;I7H KH?;? )B;>A7H;D7 =H7C
,7C;D=7D:KD=
7JEC :;D=7D B7@K F;BKHK>7D F;H :;J?A I7C7 :;D=7D @ P C7A7
KH?; ?
@ :?I?DJ;=H7I? I;AED -7JK7D -# KDJKA H7:?E7AJ?L?J7I 7:7B7> ;9GK;H;B G N7D= :?:;
Contoh 10.4 "?JKD=B7>J;J7F7DF;BKHK>7D:7H?F7HJ?A;BF;D=?EDN7D=C;C?B?A?M7AJKF7HK>J7>KD '='( ?A;J7>K? J7>KD
;D=7DC;D==KD7A7DF;HI7C77D
:?F;HEB;>
J7>KD
$7:?J;J7F7DF;BKHK>7D7:7B7> J7>KD
*;BKHK>7DH7:?E7AJ?<C;HKF7A7DFHEI;IN7D=797AN7?JK?DJ?J;HI;8KJ C;BKHK> I;97H7 J?:7A 8;HA7?J7D I7JK :;D=7D N7D= B7?DDN7 ;H?AKJ ?D? :?F;HB?>7JA7D B?C7 @;D?I F;BKHK>7D H7:?E7AJ?< /4://4*;1 1+0'*/'4 6+2;8;.'4 /4:/'4'1 F;BKHK>7D =7CC7 F;C7D97H7D I?D7H =7CC7 F;BKHK>7D 7B<7 F;C7D97H7D F7HJ?A;B 7B<7
268
Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
F;BKHK>7D 8;J7
= + F;D7D=A7F7D ;B;AJHED EB;> D;KJHED DKAB?H
F;D7D=A7F7D ;B;AJHED
+
=
F;D7D=A7F7D ;B;AJHED EB;> FHEJED DKAB?H F;D7D=A7F7D ;B;AJHED + = F;D7D=A7F7D FEI?JHED EB;> FHEJED DKAB?H FHEJEDCK7J7D ;B;AJHED CK7J7D P D;KJHEDCK7J7D ;B;AJHED CK7J7D
Gambar 10.12 Lima jenis peluruhan radioaktif
Contoh 10.5 AJ?L?J7II;8K7>IKC8;HH7:?E7AJ?<8;HAKH7D= 87=?7D:7H?7AJ?L?J7I7M7BDN7:7B7C I;B7D=M7AJK@7C .;DJKA7DM7AJKF7HK>:7DJ;J7F7DF;BKHK>7DDN7 '='( ?A;J7>K? * @7C /DJKAC;D;DJKA7DM7AJKF7HK>:7F7J:?=KD7A7DF;HI7C77D
%
%
%
C7A7% * * @7C
$7:?M7AJKF7HK>IKC8;HH7:?E7AJ?<7:7B7> @7C /DJKAC;D;DJKA7DJ;J7F7DF;BKHK>7D:?=KD7A7DF;HI7C77D @7C
$7:?J;J7F7DF;BKHK>7DDN77:7B7> @7C
4. Deret Radioaktif 7B7C F;C7D97H7D I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< ?DJ? N7D= J;H@7:? J?:7A B7D=IKD= C;D@7:? ?DJ? IJ78?B :7D C7I?> :7F7J C;C7D97HA7D I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< "7B ?D? 8;HB7D=IKD= I;97H7 J;HKIC;D;HKI I;>?D==7 :?F;HEB;> ?DJ? N7D= IJ78?B
'?I7BDN7 F;BKHK>7D / 7A7D C;BKHK> C;D@7:? ?DJ? 7JEC .> :7D 8;H7A>?H F7:7 ?DJ? 7JEC *8 N7D= IJ78?B )B;> A7H;D7 :?CKB7? :7H? KH7D?KC :;H;J ?D? :?I;8KJ :;H;J KH7D?KC
Sumber: Konsep Fisika Modern, 1983
Gambar 10.13 Deret uranium
Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas
269
:7FKD :;H;J7D F;BKHK>7D :7D N7D= 8;HB7D=IKD= :7H? ?DJ? ?D:KAC;D@7:??DJ?N7D=C7DJ7FI;87=7?>7I?B7A>?HKDJKA:;H;JKH7D?KC :?JKD@KAA7D EB;> '3('8 *HEI;I F;BKHK>7D H7:?E7AJ?< 8;H7DJ7? C;D=?AKJ? IK7JK :;H;J H7:?E7AJ?< :7 ;CF7J :;H;J H7:?E7AJ?< I;F;HJ? J;H97DJKC F7:7 #'(+2 #'(+2 ;H;J,7:?E7AJ?< 5358 '99'
+8+:
$3;8 '8;. #'.;4
4*;1
.>EH?KC
D
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.>
Q
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(F
Q
?
D
/H7D?KC
/
Q
*8
D
AJ?D?KC
/
Q
*8
D
Sumber: Konsep Fisika Modern, 1983
5. Pengertian Dosis Serapan sinar radioaktif
m
Gambar 10.14
-;F;HJ? :?@;B7IA7D F7:7 7M7B 878 87>M7 KDJKA C;D97F7? A;IJ78?B7DDN7I;J?7FKDIKHH7:?E7AJ?<I;B7BKC;C7D97HA7DI?D7HH7:?E7AJ?< 7B7C F;H7C87J7DDN7 I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< J;HI;8KJ C;C87M7 ;D;H=? $?A7 I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< ?D? C;D=;D7? IK7JK C7J;H? ;D;H=?DN7 7A7D :?I;H7F EB;> C7J;H? J;HI;8KJ *;H>7J?A7D '3('8 7DN7ADN7;D;H=?H7:?7I?F;D=?EDN7D=:?I;H7FEB;>C7J;H?F;HI7JK7D C7II7 J;HJ;DJK :?I;8KJ &) ) )(' -;97H7 C7J;C7J?I :?JKB?I
Energi radiasi yang diserap materi bermassa m.
$
P
%;J;H7D=7D :EI?II;H7F $ C7II7 C7J;H? F;DN;H7F ;D;H=? ;D;H=? H7:?7I? -7JK7D :EI?I I;H7F :7B7C -# 7:7B7> =H7N !N ;D=7D !N $ A= H7:
Contoh 10.6
Kata Kunci • • • • • • • •
radioaktivitas fluorisensi eksitasi daya tembus peluruhan waktu paruh aktivitas dosis serap
270
-K7JKC7J;H?N7D=C7II7DN7 =H7CC;DN;H7F;D;H=?H7:?7I?F;D=?ED8;HKF7I?D7H =7CC7I;8;I7H Q P$EKB; .;DJKA7DB7>8;I7H:EI?II;H7FC7J;H??JK '='( ?A;J7>K? $ =H7C A= Q P$ "?JKD=8;I7HDN7:EI?II;H7F:7H?IK7JKC7J;H?N7D=C7II7DN7 =H7C@?A7C7J;H? J;HI;8KJC;DN;H7F;D;H=?H7:?7I?F;D=?EDI;8;I7HQ P@EKB;
$ A= $ Q P$ A= $7:?8;I7H:EI?II;H7FC7J;H??JK7:7B7> Q P@EKB; A=7J7K Q P=H7N
Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
6. Pengukuran Radioaktivitas -?D7H N7D= :?F7D97HA7D EB;> KDIKH H7:?E7AJ?< J?:7A :7F7J :?H7I7A7D EB;> C7DKI?7 /DJKA ?JK :?F;HBKA7D 7B7J N7D= :7F7J C;D=KAKH :7D C;D:;J;AI? A;7AJ?<7D IK7JK KDIKH 7J7K KDJKA C;D=;J7>K? 7:7 :7D J?:7ADN7 I?D7HI?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< -?D7HN7D=:?F7D97HA7DEB;>?DJ?KDIKHH7:?E7AJ?<:7F7JC;D=?EDA7D 7JEC :7H? O7JO7J N7D= :?B7BK?DN7 B7J KDJKA C;D:;J;AI? :7D C;D=KAKH A;7AJ?<7D IK7JK KDIKH :?8K7J 8;H:7I7HA7D I?<7J J;HI;8KJ ;8;H7F7 7B7J :;J;AI?I?D7HH7:?E7AJ?<7:7B7>;CKBI?!;?=;H'KBB;H A7C7H A78KJ 1?BIED :7D I?DJ?B7JEH a. Emulsi Film Potret -?D7H N7D= :?F7D97HA7D EB;> KDIKH H7:?E7AJ?< C;D=?EDA7D B7F?I7D ;CKBI? I;F7D@7D= B?DJ7I7D N7D= :?B7BK?DN7 :? 7J7I F;HCKA77D 7J :7D :?KAKH b. Pencacah Geiger-Muller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c. Kamar Kabut Wilson %7C7HA78KJ1?BIED7:7B7>7B7JKDJKAC;B?>7J:7DC;CEJH;JB?DJ7I7D F7HJ?A;B7B<7N7D=C;B7BK?=7I B7J?JKJ;H:?H?7J7II?B?D:;HJ;HJKJKF:;D=7D F?IJED 8;H?I? K:7H7 8;H97CFKH K7F 7?H @;DK> 7J7K D?JHE=;D *;H>7J?A7D '3('8 *7:7 :?D:?D= 87=?7D :7B7C :?B;J7AA7D KDIKH H7:?E7AJ?< *7HJ?A;B 7B<7 N7D= :?F7D97HA7D EB;> KDIKH ?JK 7A7D C;D=?EDA7DCEB;AKBCEB;AKB=7I:?:7B7CI?B?D:;H -;C;DJ7H7?JKF?IJED :?J7H?A A;BK7H I;>?D==7 K7F @;DK> J7:? 7A7D C;D:?D=?D I;97H7 J?87 J?87I;>?D==78KJ?H8KJ?HK7F7?H:?:7B7CI?B?D:;HC;D@7:?@;DK> #ED?ED N7D= J;H8;DJKA I;F7D@7D= B?DJ7I7D F7HJ?A;B 7B<7 C;D7H?A 8KJ?H8KJ?H K7F 7?H:7D:7F7J:?B?>7J7J7K:?FEJH;J@?A7=7I:?:7B7CI?B?D:;H:?IEHEJ:;D=7D 97>7N7 B7CFK
Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998
Gambar 10.15 Pencacah Geiger-Muller
jendela tipis gas kawat elektrode (anode) isolator tabung dari logam (katode)
– +
+ – 103 V
Sumber: Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 2000
Gambar 10.16 Bagian-bagian alat pencacah Geiger-Muller
sumber jejak ion radioaktif (R) keping gelas uap
cahaya
pengisap (P)
Gambar 10.17 Kamar kabut Wilson
Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas
271
partikel datang kristal sintilasi fotokatode foton +200 V +400 V +600 V +800 V +1000 V +1200 V +1400 V +1600 V
pulsa keluaran
fotomultiplier
Sumber: Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 2000
Gambar 10.18 Diagram sintilator yang dilengkapi dengan fotomultiplier
Tes Kompetensi Subbab
d. Sintilator (Detektor Sintilasi) *H?DI?F A;H@7 I?DJ?B7JEH ) %* ##* &% &+%*( 8;H:7I7HA7D
I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< -?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< :?@7JK>A7D A; F;HCKA77D B7N7H 7N7 N7D= :?F7D97HA7D EB;> B7N7H A7D A; 7J7I F;HCKA77D BE=7C I;>?D==7 F;HCKA77D BE=7C J;HI;8KJ C;D=;BK7HA7D ;B;AJHED %;CK:?7D ;B;AJHED J;HI;8KJ :?@7JK>A7D A;C87B? A; 7J7I F;HCKA77D BE=7C A;:K7 &E=7C A;:K7 C;D=;BK7HA7D ;B;AJHED B;8?> 87DN7A :7H?F7:7 ;B;AJHED N7D= A;BK7H :7H? F;HCKA77D BE=7C F;HJ7C7 %;F?D=A;F?D= BE=7C N7D= :7F7J C;B?F7J=7D:7A7D ;B;AJHED J;H:7F7J :? :7B7C I;8K7> 7B7J N7D= :?I;8KJ <EJECKBJ?FB?;H '&*&$+#* '# ( EJECKBJ?FB?;H7:7B7>7B7JKDJKAC;CF;HAK7JFKBI77HKIB?IJH?A HKIB?IJH?A J;HI;8KJ 8;H7I7B :7H? J;C87A7D I?D7H H7:?E7AJ?< :? 7J7I B7N7H
B
+80'1'42'.6'*'(;1;2':/.'4 *;H>7J?A7DH;7AI?F;BKHK>7D8;H?AKJ / / *7 .;DJKA7DF7HJ?A;B:7DN7D=:?F7D97HA7D
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
7 -K7JKKDIKHH7:?E7AJ?<C;C?B?A?M7AJKF7HK> C;D?J "?JKD=AEDIJ7DJ7F;BKHK>7DDN7 8 $?A7AEDIJ7DJ7F;BKHK>7DIK7JK87>7DH7:?E7AJ?<
@ P A;@7:?7D I;AED 8;H7F7A7> M7AJK F7HK>DN7 17AJKF7HK>:7H?H7:ED>7H? ;H7F7M7AJKN7D= :?F;HBKA7D7=7HJ;HI?I7 :7H?CKB7CKB7
C. Reaksi Inti !;@7B7 H7:?E7AJ?< 7:7B7> 7AJ?L?J7I IK7JK ?DJ? C;D@7:? ?DJ? B7?D *7D97H7D I?D7H >7DN7 C;D=KH7D=? DKAB;ED :7B7C ?DJ? :;D=7D :K7 FHEJED :7D :K7 D;KJHED :7FKD F7D97H7D I?D7H >7DN7 C;D=K87> I7JKD;KJHED:7B7C?DJ?C;D@7:?FHEJED )H7D=F;HJ7C7N7D=C;D=7C7J? H;7AI??DJ?7:7B7>84+9:!;:.+8,58* *7:7 !;:.+8,58*C;CF;B7@7H? =;@7B7 JKC8KA7D 7DJ7H F7HJ?A;B :;D=7D 7JEC7JEC =7I D?JHE=;D :7D C;D?C8KBA7D IK7JK H;7AI? N7D= :?I;8KJDN7 H;7AI? ?DJ? "7I?B H;7AI? ?DJ? :?JKB?I :;D=7D
"; ( ) "
*;H>7J?A7D87>M7@KCB7>DECEH7JEC:7D@KCB7>DECEHC7II7HK7IA?H? I7C7:;D=7D@KCB7>DECEH7JEC:7DDECEHC7II7HK7IA7D7D $KCB7>DECEH7JECI;8;BKCH;7AI? $KCB7>DECEH7JECI;IK:7>H;7AI? $KCB7>DECEHC7II7I;8;BKCH;7AI? $KCB7>DECEHC7II7I;IK:7>H;7AI?
272
Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
Pada setiap reaksi inti selalu berlaku hukum kekekalan berikut ini. "KAKC %;A;A7B7D 'EC;DJKC N7?JK @KCB7> CEC;DJKC I;8;BKC :7D I;IK:7> JKC8KA7D 7:7B7> I7C7
"KAKC%;A;A7B7D(ECEHJECN7?JK@KCB7>DECEH7JECI;8;BKC :7D I;IK:7> H;7AI? I7C7 "KAKC%;A;A7B7D(ECEH'7II7N7?JK@KCB7>DECEHC7II7I;8;BKC :7D I;IK:7> H;7AI? I7C7 "KAKC %;A;A7B7D D;H=? .EJ7B N7?JK ;D;H=? JEJ7B I;8;BKC :7D I;IK:7> H;7AI? I7C7 *7HJ?A;B FHEJED 11 P :7D :;KJHED 12 D @K=7 :?=KD7A7D KDJKA C;D==7D==K A;IJ78?B7D ?DJ? 7=7H ?DJ? ?JK J;HKH7? 7J7K 8;H:?I?DJ;=H7I? C;D@7:??DJ?B7?D 5)185,::7D&'2:54F7:7 C;B7FEHA7D>7I?BH;7AI? ?DJ? ?D? :;D=7D FHEJED N7D= :?F;H9;F7J C;B7BK? C;:?7 B?IJH?A :;D=7D F;HI7C77D H;7AI? ?DJ? " &? "; ";
Tokoh
Enrico Fermi (1901–1954)
1. Energi yang Dihasilkan dari Reaksi Inti
Sumber: Science Encyclopedia, 1998
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Contoh 10.7
Fermi adalah seorang fisikawan kelahiran Itali. Setelah tahun 1939, ia pergi ke Amerika Serikat untuk bekerja dan hidup disana. Ia dikenal karena menggunakan neutron untuk menembak atom yang dapat menghasilkan isotop. Enrico Fermi mendapat hadiah Nobel pada 1938. Pada 2 Desember 1942, reaksi rantai nuklir pertama dihasilkan oleh sebuah tim ilmuwan yang dipimpinnya. Percobaan yang sukses ini bertempat di lapangan Squash Universitas Chicago, Amerika Serikat. Reaksi rantai bekerja menyerupai penyalaan korek api. Panas yang dihasilkan oleh gesekan pada waktu mematik korek api menyebabkan sebagian atom terbakar dan melepaskan lebih banyak panas sehingga menyebabkan reaksi terusmenerus berlangsung.
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Kata Kunci • • • • • •
energi reaksi inti reaksi eksotermik reaksi endotermik reaksi berantai reaksi fisi reaksi fusi
Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas
273
2. Pembuatan Isotop Radioaktif dari Reaksi Inti ,7:?E7AJ?< :7F7J :?FHE:KAI? C;B7BK? IK7JK H;7AI? ?DJ? FHEI;I F;C8;DJKA7D ?IEJEF 87HK N7D= H7:?E7AJ?< ?JK :?B7AKA7D :;D=7D F;D;C87A7D ?IEJEF N7D= IJ78?B :;D=7D IK7JK F7HJ?A;B -;87=7? 9EDJE> ?IEJEF H7:?E7AJ?< K :?F;HEB;> :7H? F;D;C87A7D ?IEJEF IJ78?B K EB;> D;KJHED :;D=7D H;7AI? D K K
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D / 2; -H D D+
inti bulatan n U
Gambar 10.19 Diagram reaksi berantai
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4. Reaksi Fisi reaksi fisi kedua menghasilkan 4 neutron inti U-235
neutron pertama
reaksi fisi U-235 memunculkan 2 neutron Sumber: Physics for ‘O’ Level, 1990
Gambar 10.20 Pada reaksi pembelahan inti, jumlah neutron bertambah pada setiap tingkatan.
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274
Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
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+
reaksi fusi neutron
H–3 (tritium)
Gambar 10.22 Reaksi fusi di Matahari
medan magnetik toroid
ruang vakum toroid arus listrik luar medan magnetik total
medan magnetik poloid
arus plasma plasma
Sumber: Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 2000
Gambar 10.23 Tokamak
Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas
275
Contoh 10.9 "?JKD=B7>;D;H=?:7B7C';0N7D=:?8;87IA7DEB;>F;D==78KD=7D:K7FHEJED:7D :K7D;KJHEDKDJKAC;C8;DJKAI;8K7>?DJ?>;B?KC ?A;J7>K?C7II7 " IC7 "; IC7 D IC7:7D IC7 ';0 '='( *;HI7C77DH;7AI?F;D==78KD=7D?DJ?DN77:7B7>
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Tes Kompetensi Subbab
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Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
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D. Reaktor Nuklir, Bom Nuklir, dan Radioisotop
Informasi
1. Reaktor nuklir
untuk Anda
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Q B:A6AJ> E:CJ@6G @6ADG N6C< B:C<=6H>A@6C J6E H:=>C<<6 96E6I B:BJI6G H:7J6= IJG7>C sistem utama bahan bakar dan moderator
sistem kedua air panas
uap air
turbin uap
Beberapa jenis limbah reaktor nuklir bersifat radioaktif. Limbah ini menghasilkan radiasi nuklir mematikan yang merusak sel-sel hidup. Beberapa jenis limbah radioaktif dapat bertahan ribuan tahun. Oleh karena itu, limbah yang disimpan rapat dalam peti kemas tertutup harus dipendam di bawah tanah. Untuk menangani limbah nuklir maka orang harus menggunakan pakaian seperti terlihat pada gambar berikut.
Information for You Some kind of the nuclear reactor waste is radioactive material. This waste produce deadly nuclear radiation that damage living cells. Some kind of radioactive waste can last for thousand years. So, nuclear reactor waste placed in shielded box must be buried underground. Overcoming nuclear waste, people must wear suit like you have seen this picture.
generator
kondensor batang pengendali
pelindung
pompa
Gambar 10.24 Sumber: Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 2000
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Perancangan dasar reaktor Nuklir air-tekan.
Gambar 10.25 Reaktor nuklir dengan moderator air
Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas
277
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(4) (5) (3)
Gambar 10.26
uap ke turbin
(6)
(1) (2)
Komponen-komponen dasar sebuah reaktor atom: (1) teras reaktor; (2) elemen bahan bakar; (3) moderator; (4) batang kendali; (5) shielding; (6) pendingin.
aliran dingin
pompa
Informasi untuk Anda Sebuah reaktor nuklir tidak dapat meledak seperti bom atom. Akan tetapi, suatu kecelakaan pada pusat tenaga nuklir dapat menimbulkan akibat yang merusak sejumlah besar wilayah sekitarnya. Pada 1986, terjadi kecelakaan nuklir terbesar di pusat tenaga nuklir Chernobyl di Ukraina. Kecelakaan ini melepaskan zat radioaktif ke dalam atmosfer dan mengakibatkan gangguan kesehatan yang hebat pada penduduk di sekitar Chernobyl. Penduduk di Eropa pun mendapatkan dampak yang tidak kecil.
Information for You A nuclear reactor can not explode like atom bomb. But, an accident in centre of the nuclear power can cause a large destruction. In 1986, the biggest nuclear accident happened in the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Ukraine. This accident released radioactive material to the atmosphere and caused severe health disorder to civilians near by some European also got the serious effect.
278
air dingin
Sumber: Physics for ‘O’ Level, 1990
A:B:C:A:B:C76=6C76@6GG:6@IDGCJ@A>G7:G7:CIJ@76I6C<76I6C< I>E>H 6=6C 76@6G N6C< 9>E6@6> E696 JBJBCN6 696A6= JCHJGJCHJG N6C< . 96C B:B>A>@>H>;6I96E6I7:G:6@H>H:86G6;>H>B>H6ACN6 )J . &D9:G6IDG7:G;JCJCIJ@B:BE:GA6B76I@:A6?J6CC:JIGDCC:JIGDC N6C< 9>7:76H@6C H:A6B6 EGDH:H E:B7:A6=6C >CI> ;>H> 7:GA6CE:GA6B76I ,:7J6= >CI> . 6@6C A:7>= BJ96= B:C6C<@6E C:JIGDC A6B76I 96G>E696 B:C6C<@6E C:JIGDC 8:E6I @6C I:I6E> C:JIGDCC:JIGDC N6C< 9>E6C86G@6C H:A6B6 EGDH:H G:6@H> ;>H> 7:GA6CC<<>(A:=@6G:C6>IJ9>E:GAJ@6C BD9:G6IDG &D9:G6IDG N6C< E6A>C< JBJB 9><JC6@6C 696A6= 6>G 7:G6I (,6A6=H6IJ@:JC<<JA6CBD9:G6IDG6>G7:G6I696A6=96E6I7:G;JC H:76<6> E:C9>C<>C I:G6H G:6@IDG $:I>@6H:7J6=C:JIGDC7:G:C:G<>I>C<<>@:AJ6G96G>H:7J6=:A:B:C76=6C 76@6GC:JIGDCI:GH:7JIB:B6HJ@>6>G96C7:GIJB7J@6C9:C<6CBDA:@JA BDA:@JA 6>G ':JIGDC 8:E6I 6@6C @:=>A6C<6C H:76<>6C :C:G<>CN6 H:A6B6 B:CJB7J@6IDB6IDB6>GH:=>C<<6A6?JC:JIGDCI:GH:7JIB:C?69>A6B76I 6I6C< @:C96A> 7:G;JC JCIJ@ B:CN:G6E @:A:7>=6C C:JIGDC N6C< 9>=6H>A@6C 96G> G:6@H> E:B7:A6=6C >CI> ;>H> H:=>C<<6 G:6@H> ;>H> 7:G6CI6> N6C<I:G?69>9>96A6BG:6@IDG96E6I9>@:C96A>@6C6I6C<@:C96A>7>6H6CN6 I:G7J6I 96G> @69B>JB 6I6J 7DGDC 6I6C< @:C96A> B:C?6<6 6<6G H:I>6E E:B7:A6=6C >CI> =6CN6 B:C<=6H>A@6CH6IJE:B7:A6=6CI6B76=6CH6?6#>@6C:JIGDCC:JIGDC96G> I>6E E:B7:A6=6C B:C<=6H>A@6C E:B7:A6=6C I6B76=6C N6C< A:7>= 7:H6G 96G> H6IJ E:B7:A6=6C 76I6C< @:C96A> 6@6C 9>I:@6C B6HJ@ @: 96A6B G:6@IDG H:=>C<<6 @:A:7>=6C C:JIGDC =6H>A G:6@H> 9>H:G6E DA:= 76I6C< @:C96A> ,:76A>@CN6 ?>@6 C:JIGDCC:JIGDC 96G> I>6E E:B7:A6=6C B:C<=6H>A@6C E:B7:A6=6C I6B76=6C N6C< A:7>= @:8>A 96G> H6IJ E:B7:A6=6C 76I6C< @:C96A> H:76<>6C 9>I6G>@ B:C?6J=> I:G6H G:6@IDG H:=>C<<6 C:JIGDC N6C< 9>H:G6E A:7>= H:9>@>I "CI> 6IDB =6H>A E:B7:A6=6C 96E6I B:C<=6H>A@6C G69>6H> <6G E6G6 E:@:G?6 9> H:@>I6G G:6@IDG 96E6I 7:GIJ<6H 9:C<6C 6B6C 96G> G69>6H> >C> 9>7J6IE:G>H6>7:IDCJCIJ@B:C6=6CG69>6H>N6C<9>=6H>A@6CH:A6B6EGDH:H G:6@H> ;>H> 7:GA6C N6C< 9>=6H>A@6C E696 EGDH:H G:6@H> ;>H> 7:GJE6 E6C6H ,>HI:B
Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
E:B>C96=6C E6C6H BJIA6@ 9>E:GAJ@6C E696 HJ6IJ G:6@IDG CJ@A>G !6A Tokoh I:GH:7JI 7:GIJ?J6C B:B>C96=@6C E6C6H N6C< 9>=6H>A@6C G:6@H> ;>H> 96G> BD9:G6IDG E:C9>C<>C EG>B:G @: E:C9>C<>C H:@JC9:G ):B>C96=6C E6C6H >C> H6C<6I E:CI>C< @6G:C6 E:C9>C<>C EG>B:G 7>6H6CN6 B:GJE6@6C HJ6IJ Otto Hann G6C<@6>6C I:GIJIJE ):C9>C<>C 9>@:B76A>@6C A6<> @: G:6@IDG H:I:A6= E6C6H N6C< 9>76L6CN6 96G> I:G6H G:6@IDG 9>E>C96=@6C @: E:C9>C<>C H:@JC9:G :G96H6G@6C @:<JC66CCN6 G:6@IDG CJ@A>G 96E6I 9>7:96@6C B:C?69> 6 +:6@IDG 6N6 +:6@IDG96N6696A6=G:6@IDGN6C<96E6IB:C<=6H>A@6CI:C6<6A>HIG>@ +:6@IDG96N6E696JBJBCN6B:GJE6@6CG:6@IDG@DB:GH>6A&>H6ACN6 9>B6C;66I@6C JCIJ@ )%-' ):B76C<@>I %>HIG>@ -:C6<6 'J@A>G 7 +:6@IDG )GD9J@H> "HDIDE +:6@IDGEGD9J@H>>HDIDE696A6=G:6@IDGN6C<B:C<=6H>A@6CG69>D>HDIDE N6C< 76CN6@ 9><JC6@6C 96A6B 7>96C< @:9D@I:G6C >C9JHIG> 7>DAD<> 96C ;6GB6H> Sumber: Science Encyclopedia, 1998 8 +:6@IDG ):C:A>I>6C Otto Hahn lahir di Frankfurt, Jerman. Ia mendapatkan gelar Ph.D dari +:6@IDG E:C:A>I>6C 696A6= G:6@IDG N6C< 9><JC6@6C JCIJ@ E:C:A>I>6C Universitas Marburg pada 1901. Hahn 9> 7>96C< E:GI6C>6C E:I:GC6@6C >C9JHIG> @:9D@I:G6C 96C H6>CH mempelajari beberapa unsur radioaktif, termasuk aktinium dan thorium. Pada "C9DC:H>6 B:B>A>@> I><6 G:6@IDG E:C:A>I>6C 96C EGD9J@H> >HDIDE N6C< 1917, ia dan Lise Meitner berbagi 7:G696 9> 6C9JC< 2D penghargaan atas penemuan logam 6C9JC< 9>7:G> C6B6 -G><6 &6G@ "" &"" '& " '#(#$ radioaktif yang diberi nama protaktinium. Pada 1944, Hahn mendapatkan )(#", "& (#!
9>2D7:G>C6B6G:6@IDG$6GI>C> hadiah Nobel bidang kimia untuk H:96C<@6C N6C< 7:G696 9> ,:GEDC< 9>7:G> C6B6 &)+ ) ( )&$#' keberhasilannya dalam penemuan pembelahan inti. Proses pembelahan (#& N6C< B:B>A>@> 96N6 &L6II inti itu disebut fisi nuklir. Para ilmuwan ,:E:GI> I:A6= 9>76=6H H:7:AJBCN6 H6A6= H6IJ E:B6C;66I6C CJ@A>G di Amerika Serikat menggunakan hasil 696A6= JCIJ@ )%-' ):B76C<@>I %>HIG>@ -:C6<6 'J@A>G penemuan Hahn ini untuk membuat bom atom pada awal 1940-an. Sejak saat :G96H6G@6C ?:C>H E:C9>C<>CCN6 696 9J6 ?:C>H )%-' N6>IJ )%-' itu penggunaan fisi nuklir untuk tujuan 9:C<6C H>HI:B )0+ &'')&- (& (#& 96C 0+ # " (& damai pun dikembangkan. (#& a. PLTN dengan Sistem PWR 6<6C )%-' 9:C<6C H>HI:B )0+ 9>IJC?J@@6C E696 + / >G N6C< B:C<6A>G B:A:L6I> generator generator I:G6H G:6@IDG 9>E:GI6=6C@6C 6<6G 7:GI:@6C6C I>C<<> pembangkit 6IB !6A >C> 7:GIJ?J6C B:C8:<6= I:G pipa uap uap ?69>CN6 E:C<J6E6C 6>G N6C< 7:GHJ=J
Q 6A6B reaktor PWR G:6@IDG 9:C<6C H>HI:B )0+ E6C6H N6C< 9>=6H>A@6C 96G>G:6@H>>CI>9>6C<@JI@:AJ6GDA:=E:C9>C<>CEG>B:G 9:C<6C 86G6 9>EDBE6 I:GJHB:C:GJH 96C 9>6A>G@6C pompa B:CJ?J <:C:G6IDG E:B76C<@>I J6E H:=>C<<6 E696 pompa E:B76C<@>I J6E 9>=6H>A@6C J6E 7:GI:@6C6C I>C<<> kondensator .6E7:GI:@6C6CI>C<<>>C>9><JC6@6CJCIJ@B:BJI6G IJG7>C N6C< 9>@DE:A 9:C<6C <:C:G6IDG A>HIG>@ =>C<<6 9>=6H>A@6C :C:G<> A>HIG>@ ,:I:A6= @:AJ6G 96G> IJG7>C J6E 9>9>C<>C@6C @:B76A> DA:= @DC9:CH6IDG =>C<<6 Sumber: Fundamental of Physics, 2001 B:C?69> 6>G @:BJ9>6C 9>@:B76A>@6C A6<> JCIJ@ B:C<6C<@JI E6C6H Gambar 10.27 Bagan PLTN dengan sistem PWR @:B76A> b. PLTN dengan Sistem BWR )696 H>HI:B0+I:@6C6C6>GN6C<B:C<6A>G B:A:L6I> I:G6H G:6@IDG A:7>=G:C96=96G>E696H>HI:B)0+N6>IJH:@>I6G 6IB>G>C>9>J6E@6C 96A6B I67JC< G:6@IDG 96C 9>6A>G@6C JCIJ@ B:BJI6G IJG7>C H:=>C<<6
Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas
279
Tantangan untuk Anda Mengapa molekul dari uranium (U–235) lebih cepat bergerak daripada molekul U–238 pada suhu yang sama?
9>=6H>A@6C :C:G<> A>HIG>@ .6E E6C6H N6C< B6HJ@ @: GJ6C< IJG7>C >C> 9>B6HJ@@6C @: 96A6B @DC9:CH6IDG H:=>C<<6 7:GJ76= B:C?69> 6>G @:BJ9>6C9>EDBE6@:B76A>B:B6HJ@>GJ6C<I:G6HG:6@IDG6<>6C)%-' 9:C<6C H>HI:B 0+ 9>IJC?J@@6C E696 + / jaringan distribusi tenaga listrik air mendidih
uap
transformator
reaktor
pemindah panas
turbin
generator
Gambar 10.28 Bagan PLTN dengan sistem BWR pompa
kondensator Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998
2. Bom Nuklir
Kata Kunci • • • • • •
reaktor nuklir reaktor daya reaktor produksi isotop reaktor penelitian sistem PWR sistem BWR
Tugas Anda 10.2 Apakah Anda pernah mendengar tragedi Chernobyl? Chernobyl merupakan pembangkit listrik tenaga nuklir di Ukraina yang mengalami kebocoran. Carilah informasi dari berbagai sumber, mengapa kebocoran ini bisa terjadi?
280
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3. Radioisotop a. Pembuatan Radioisotop #'#(#$ '#(#$'#(#$,"('( "HDIDEN6C<I>96@HI67>A H:A6AJ B:B6C86G@6C H>C6GH>C6G G69>D6@I>; JCIJ@ B:C?69> >HDIDE>HDIDE HI67>A )696 JBJBCN6 G69>D6@I>; N6C< 9><JC6@6C 96A6B 7:G76<6>
Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
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Informasi untuk Anda
Kedua tangan ini memegang sebongkah uranium–235. Isotop dari uranium yang digunakan sebagai bahan dalam reaktor nuklir. Uranium merupakan salah satu logam berat, sebongkah kecil uranium ini massanya 4,5 kg dan harganya lebih dari 200.000 dolar. Sebelum memegang uranium, tangan harus dilindungi dengan sarung tangan khusus.
Information for You This two hand hold a slab of Uranium-235. It is uranium isotop used as material in nuclear reactor. Uranium is one of the heavy metal, that small uranium slab weights 4,5 kg and the price is more than 200.000 dollars. Before holding uranium, hands must be covered by a special handgloves.
Tugas Anda 10.3 Carilah foto-foto tentang kondisi kota dan warga Hiroshima dan Nagasaki setelah pengeboman oleh Amerika Serikat. Diskusikanlah bersama teman sekelas Anda tentang dampak negatif bom atom. Diskusikan juga apakah ada dampak positif dari bom atom.
Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas
281
Gambar 10.29 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Sumber: Physics for Scientist and Engineers, 2000
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Gambar 10.30 Karbon dapat digunakan untuk menentukan usia sebuah gulungan perkamen yang ditemukan di sebuah gua di Laut Mati.
Sumber: Fundamental of Physics, 2001
Mari Mencari Tahu Tantangan untuk Anda Apakah radioisotop yang disuntikkan ke dalam tubuh pasien untuk mendiagnosis penyakit, membahayakan pasien itu sendiri?
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284
Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
Anda sulit dipahami? Coba Anda diskusikan dengan teman atau guru Fisika Anda. Banyak sekali manfaat mempelajari Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas. Salah satunya adalah dibangunnya PLTN yang hemat bahan bakar. Coba Anda cari manfaat lain mempelajari bab ini. Diskusikan hasilnya bersama temanteman Anda.
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3 B7@9GD3@93@7@7D9;@K3363>3:$ 4 7@7D9;97>A?43@9@K3?7@<36; $3F3G =3>;7@7D9; 3I3>@K3 Tes Kompetensi Subbab B
3 / E;@ *O 4 ? 5 >7F3=E;?BG>=7 363>3:. ? >7F3=B7DGF=7 363>3:. ? 3 ? 4 . ? / ?? ? .?
B. Soal uraian
63@ 63@" 3 5? 4 D36 3 O O5? 4 ?E 5 , 5?E 6 P OE 3 D36 4 5?
Bab 2 Gelombang Elektromagnetik Tes Kompetensi Awal
!7>A?43@97>7=FDA?39@7F;=363>3:97>A?43@9K3@9EG?47D@K3 47D3E3>63D;97F3D3@?763@>;EFD;=63@?763@?39@7F;=
%757B3F3@53:3K36;DG3@9:3?B3363>3:P ?E
Tes Kompetensi Subbab A
#@F7D87D7@E;53:3K3363>3:B7DB36G3@6G397>A?43@953:3K3 K3@9=A:7D7@K3;FG8D7=G7@E;63@476383E7@K3E3?3
? P O? Tes Kompetensi Subbab B
( ? D36 Tes Kompetensi Subbab C
$ O N Tes Kompetensi Bab 2 A. Pilihan Ganda
4 6 5 6
4
5
5
4
B. Soal uraian
M P O
Bab 3 Gelombang Bunyi Tes Kompetensi Awal
!7>A?43@9?7=3@;=
G6;AEA@;=363>3:D7@F3@98D7=G7@E;3@F3D3 "LE3?B3; "L;@8D3EA@;=363>3:D7@F3@98D7=G7@E;4G@K;6;43I3: "L63@G>FD3EA@;=363>3:D7@F3@98D7=G7@E;6;3F3E "L
G=3@97>A?43@9K3@96;B3@53D=3@B7?3@53DD36;AF7D?3EG= 97>A?43@97>7=FDA?39@7F;=
Tes Kompetensi Subbab C
5? N 3 &"L 4 &"L 3 & "L 4 &"L 5 &"L Tes Kompetensi Bab 1 A. Pilihan Ganda
6 5 5
4 3
6 5
3
3 &"L 4 &"L 5 &"L
3
5 5
5 6
Tes Kompetensi Subbab A
,G?47D 4G@K; 363>3: 97F3D3@ K3@9 ?7@;?4G>=3@ 97F3D3@ ?7D3?43FB363?76;G?
-;63==3D7@3F;63=363?76;G?97F3D@K3
(363363>3:4G@K;K3@9F7D3FGDE763@9=3@67E3:363>3:4G@K; K3@9F;63=F7D3FGD
Tes Kompetensi Subbab B
, ?E , ?E ,3> P E3?3E3<3 Tes Kompetensi Subbab C
) ?E %3D7@3?7>3>G;B7@67@93D3@@K36;3?3?BG?7@97F3:G;47@63 K3@93636;:363B3@@K3
3 8D7=G7@E;F7F3B 4 B3@<3@997>A?43@9F7F3B 5 57B3FD3?43F97>A?43@9F7F3B 6 3?B>;FG6A?7?47E3D
295
Tes Kompetensi Subbab D
;8D3=E; 97>A?43@9 4G@K; 363>3: B7D;EF;I3 B7?47>A=3@ 97>A?43@94G@K;=7F;=3?7>3>G;57>3:3F3G?G=397>A?43@9 F7D:3>3@9E7439;3@
"L Tes Kompetensi Subbab E
( 5?
"L 5?
Tes Kompetensi Subbab F
6 6 Tes Kompetensi Bab 3 A. Pilihan Ganda
4 3 6
5 4
5 6
5
5
7 7
6 6
B.
Soal uraian ,
?E >3K3@93@"L 3 "L 4 "L >3K3@93@"L . ?
Bab 4 Medan Listrik, Potensial Listrik, dan Kapasitor Tes Kompetensi Awal
23 ,7F;3B47@63?7?;>;=;?G3F3@>;EFD;= 'G3F3@FAF3>@K3 363K3@9@7FD3>63@363K3@9F;63=@7FD3> (7FD3>4;>33: ?G3F3@BAE;F;8E3?367@93@3:?G3F3@@793F;8@K3
%3B3E;FAD?7DGB3=3@=A?BA@7@7>7=FDA@;=3K3@947D8G@9E; E3>3:E3FG@K3E74393;B7@K7F34;>F793@93@B7D3F3F793@93@ >;EFD;= 3D3 =7D<3@K3 363>3: =7F;=3 6;:G4G@9=3@ 67@93@ EG?47DF793@93@?3=3=3B3E;FAD3=3@?7@K;?B3@?G3F3@
$;=3F793@93@>G3DF;63=363=3B3E;FAD3=3@?7?;>;=;F793@93@ K3@947D3E3>63D;?G3F3@K3@9F7DE;?B3@F36;
Tes Kompetensi Subbab A
P O( 3 FAF3> (=73D3:?G3F3@O 4 'G3F3@:3DGE6;E;?B3@B363<3D3= ?3F3G =73D3: ?G3F3@O
3 $3D3==76G3B3DF;=7>:3DGE =3>;E7?G>3
4 $3D3==76G3B3DF;=7>:3DGE=3>;E7?G>3
3 7E3DEG6GF N
4 7E3DF793@93@B363F3>; (
Tes Kompetensi Subbab B
3 >7=FDA@3=3@47D:7@F;E7F7>3: P OE
4 $3D3=K3@96;F7?BG:7>7=FDA@363>3: 5?
&7F3=F;F;=K3@9=G3F?763@?39@7F@K3@A>363>3:F;F;=K3@9 47D<3D3=5?63D;?G3F3@O' 3 4 (? 5 (? Tes Kompetensi Subbab C
&P O 7 3 BGE3F P HA>F 4 BGE3FO P HA>F ) ??
296
Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
Tes Kompetensi Subbab D
3 FAF3> 4 'P O 3 FAF3> 'FAF3>P O 4 FAF3> 'FAF3> P O 5 FAF3> 'FAF3> P O 3 P O
4 ' P O
5 P O
7 Tes Kompetensi Bab 4 A. Pilihan Ganda
4 5 7 4 7
7
4
3
3
6
B. Soal uraian
3 FAF3> P O( 4 ( ! ( P O ?
5 5 P O5PP (?5 ? 3
5 4
6
Bab 5 Medan Magnetik Tes Kompetensi Awal
23
#@6G=FADFD3@E8AD?3FAD
Tes Kompetensi Subbab A
3 ?3EG=4;63@94G=G 4 ?3EG=4;63@94G=G 5 =7>G3D4;63@94G=G D3:?763@?39@7F6;F;F;=63@E73D3:EG?4G O/63@3D3: ?763@?39@7F6;F;F;=E73D3:EG?4G 0
Tes Kompetensi Subbab B
( ,P ?E 3 ( 4 P O (3D3:@K3E73D3:EG?4G /@793F;8 5 P O (3D3:@K3E73D3:EG?4G 0@793F;8 Tes Kompetensi Bab 5 A. Pilihan Ganda
6 7 6
5 7
3 5
3 B. Soal uraian
3 =763>3? 4 =7>G3D 5 =743I3: BO P O 5?63D;* P O BP O-
3 6 4 6
7 3 7
3 P O4 P O 3 * P O4 47D>3I3@3@3D3:<3DG?<3?
>;>;F3@
(
Bab 6 Induksi Elektromagnetik Tes Kompetensi Awal
)7DEF76?7@7?G=3@43:I33DGE>;EFD;=63B3F?7@;?4G>=3@ ?763@?39@7F63@K3@9?7?4G=F;=3@@K3363>3:';5:37> 3D363K
63 6G3 <7@;E FD3@E8AD?3FAD -D3@E8AD?3FAD )*&+& G@FG= ?7@3;==3@ F793@93@ 63@ FD3@E8AD?3FAD )*&%-$ G@FG= ?7@GDG@=3@F793@93@
Tes Kompetensi Subbab A
7E3D3@K3@9?7@K7434=3@B7D97D3=3@;FG363>3:3DGE>;EFD;=
3 $3DG?6;3?B363F;F;=E7F;?43@9
4 $3DG??7@K;?B3@967@93@E;?B3@93@K3@947E3D
5 $3DG??7@K;?B3@9=73D3:K3@947D>3I3@3@67@93@=7F;=3 6;97D3==3@?3EG==763>3?=G?B3D3@
3 " 4 # HA>F P O( D3:3DGE63>3?=3I3F63D;=7
Tes Kompetensi Subbab B
3 HA>F 4 5 & & I3FF 3 >;>;F3@ 4 B? 5 BI3FF Tes Kompetensi Subbab C
3 "3D93787=F;8=G3F3DGE63@F793@93@4A>3= 43>;=363>3: :3D93=G3F3DGE63@F793@93@4A>3= 43>;=K3@9E7F3D367@93@ :3D93=G3F3DGE63@F793@93@E73D3:=7F;=347DG43:?7@<36; 7@7D9;=3>AD
4 "3D93?3=E;?G?363>3:=G3F3DGE63@F793@93@4A>3= 4A>3=363>3::3D93=G3F3DGE63@F793@93@4A>3= 43>;= F7DF;@99; K3@9 F7D4353 B363 9D38;= 3F3G 47D63E3D=3@ B7D:;FG@93@
5 "3D93=G3F3DGE63@F793@93@D3F3 D3F3363>3::3D93=G3F 3DGE63@F793@93@4A>3= 43>;==7F;=36;G43:?7@<36;=G3F 3DGE63@F793@93@E73D3:
3 4 5 # HA>F
E;@ *
3 4
Tes Kompetensi Bab 6 A. Pilihan Ganda
6
5 6
4 4
5 6
3 4
4
B. Soal uraian
$;=3E74G3:=G?B3D3@?7@93>3?;B7DG43:3@3:93D;E 93D;E 93K3?39@7F8>G=E?39@7F;=B363=3I3F=G?B3D3@F;?4G> 3DGE>;EFD;=
3 *D;@E;B =7D<3 6;@3?A 3DGE 4A>3= 43>;= =G?B3D3@ K3@9 6;>7F3==3@ 63>3? ?763@ ?39@7F 47DBGF3D E7:;@993 ?7@93>3?;B7DG43:3@93D;E93K3?39@7F;= =;43F@K3 F7D<36; 99> ;@6G=E; 63@ 3DGE >;EFD;= K3@9 6;:3E;>=3@@K3 47DGB33DGE4A>3= 43>;=
4 *D;@E;B=7D<36;@3?A3DGEE73D3:E3?367@93@BD;@E;B=7D<3 97@7D3FAD3DGE4A>3= 43>;= *7D47633@@K3B36397@7D3FAD 3DGE E73D3: 6;B3E3@9 =A?GF3FAD G@FG= ?7@9G43: 3DGE 4A>3= 43>;=63D;97@7D3FAD?7@<36;3DGEE73D3:
3 4 BE 3 B0 4 E >;>;F3@ 5 EHA>F E HA>FBE =0
Tes Kompetensi Fisika Semester 1 A.
Pilihan Ganda 7
4 4
4 5
6 6
5 4
3
7 3 5 3 6
3 5 5
B.
Soal uraian &
"L ?? >;>;F3@ P O3 P O04 4 5 P O04 &
Bab 7 Radiasi Benda Hitam Tes Kompetensi Awal
%3;@47DI3D@3:;F3?=3D7@3:;F3??7@K7D3BE7?G353:3K3 K3@9 63F3@9 E7:;@993 >74;: 43@K3= =3>AD K3@9 6;F7D;?3 6;43@6;@9=3@I3D@3BGF;:K3@9?7?3@FG>=3@E7?G353:3K3 K3@963F3@9
23 B363 E7F;3B E33F 47@63 ?7?3@53D=3@ D36;3E; 3DF;@K3 ?7@97>G3D=3@7@7D9;
87=8AFA>;EFD;=363>3:97<3>3F7D>7B3E@K37>7=FDA@3FA?EG3FG >A93?=7F;=36;E;@3D;A>7:53:3K367@93@8D7=G7@E;F7DF7@FG
-A=A:@K3363>3:"7DFL63@>47DF;@EF7;@ 87=A?BFA@ 363>3:97<3>347D=GD3@9@K38D7=G7@E;7@7D9;8AFA@=7F;=3 47DFG?4G=3@67@93@7>7=FDA@FA=A:@K3363>3:DF:GD"
A?BFA@
Tes Kompetensi Subbab A
? P % 0? I3FF Tes Kompetensi Subbab B
3 P O? 4 ! 7/ 5 HA>F
Kunci Jawaban
297
P O ? 3 P O? 4 P O ? 5 P O ? 67DA9>;7?7@99393E43:I3B3DF;=7>7>7=FDA@K3@947D97D3= 63B3F?7?;>;=;E;83F97>A?43@9K3@96;5;D;=3@A>7:B3@<3@9 97>A?43@9
P O ? A.
Pilihan Ganda 5 5 5
4 6
4 5
6
B.
Soal uraian P "L ,P 7 I3FF
5
6 5
7 5
# ,7B7DF; 7=EB7D;?7@ K3@9 F7>3: 6;>3=G=3@ A>7: 3H;EEA@ !7D?7D47D=3E7>7=FDA@6;<3FG:=3@B363=D;EF3>FG@993>@;=7>
-7D@K3F3B363EG6GF<3FG:F7DF7@FG6;63B3FF;F;=?3=E;?G?
#@;?7@G@7=FDA@F7DE74GF?7@G@3;@F7D87D7@E;
,
Bab 8 Fisika Atom Tes Kompetensi Awal
>7=FDA@47D3636;=G>;F3FA?*DAFA@47D3636;;@F;3FA? (7GFDA@47D3636;;@F;3FA?
%G>;F % ?3?BG ?7@3?BG@9 7>7=FDA@ %G>;F & ?3?BG ?7@3?BG@9 7>7=FDA@ %G>;F ' ?3?BG ?7@3?BG@9 7>7=FDA@ %G>;F ( ?3?BG ?7@3?BG@9 7>7=FDA@ 63@ E7F7DGE@K3
Tes Kompetensi Subbab A
636G33>3E3@K3@9?7@63E3D;=7E;?BG>3@-:A?EA@K3;FG 3 %A@E7B63E3DK3@9?7@K3F3=3@43:I33FA?;FG@7FD3> 4 .@FG=3FA?F7D;@93@:;6DA97@ -7D@K3F3@;>3;#<3G: >74;:=75;>63D;?3EE33FA?@K3
-7DB3@<3@9363>3: P O? -7DB7@67=363>3: P O? $ P O 3 ,P ?E 4 ! P O 7 5 &P O 7 6 P O 7 P "L Tes Kompetensi Subbab B
.@FG= =G>;F ' $ ?3=3 3: 7>7=FDA@ K3@9 6;B7D4A>7:=3@363>3:$
.@FG==G>;F($?3=33:7>7=FDA@K3@96;B7D4A>7:=3@ 363>3:$
;>3@93@ =G3@FG? GF3?3 363>3: 4;>3@93@ =G3@FG? K3@9 ?7@K3F3=3@ 47E3D 7@7D9; FAF3> 63>3? =G>;F 3FA? ;>3@93@ =G3@FG?AD4;F3>363>3:4;>3@93@=G3@FG?K3@9?7@K3F3=3@ 47E3D@K3?A?7@FG?EG6GF7>7=FDA@K3@947DAF3E;F7D:363B BADAE ;@F; 3FA? ;>3@93@ =G3@FG? EB;@ 363>3: 4;>3@93@ =G3@FG?K3@9?7@K3F3=3@3D3:B7DBGF3D3@7>7=FDA@F7D:363B EG?4G@K3K3@963B3F?7@;?4G>=3@?A?7@?39@7F;=
%3D7@3?7@GDGF>3D3@93@*3G>;F;63=4A>7:3637>7=FDA@K3@9 ?7?;>;=;7?B3F4;>3@93@=G3@FG?K3@9E3?3 $;=33637>7=FDA@ =7F;9363>3?EG3FGAD4;F3>?3=34;>3@93@=G3@FG?7>7=FDA@ B7DF3?363@=7F;933=3@E3?3
298
Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII
,B7=FDG? 34EADBE; 363>3: EB7=FDG? K3@9 F7D<36; =3D7@3 B7@K7D3B3@B3@<3@997>A?43@9F7DF7@FG63D;EG3FG53:3K3
,B7=FDG?7?;E;363>3:EB7=FDG?K3@96;:3E;>=3@A>7:B3@53D3@ 97>A?43@97>7=FDA?39@7F;=
3>3?EG3FG9A>A@93@63D;3F3E=743I3:7@7D9;;A@;E3E;3FA? E7?3=;@?7@GDG@E763@9=3@63>3?EG3FGB7D;A6763D;=;D;=7 =3@3@7@7D9;;A@;E3E;E7?3=;@?7@;@9=3F
A.
Pilihan Ganda 7 4 3
6 6
4 5
6
6
6 3
4 3
B. Soal Uraian
'7FA673FA?+GF:7D8AD6 3 FA?F7D6;D;3F3E;@F;3FA?K3@947D?G3F3@BAE;F;8 #@F; 3FA? ?7@93@6G@9 :3?B;D E7>GDG: ?3EE3 3FA? 63@ 6;=7>;>;@9;A>7:7>7=FDA@ 7>7=FDA@47D?G3F3@@793F;8E7B7DF; ?A67>F3F3EGDK3
4 ,7>3?3?7@97>;>;@9;;@F;93K3E7@FD;B7F3>B3637>7=FDA@ 6;47@FG=A>7:93K3F3D;=7>7=FDAEF3F;=93K3AG>A?4
3 B3@<3@997>A?43@9F7DB7@67=67D7F&K?3@ P O? 4 *3@<3@997>A?43@9F7DB7@67=67D7F*3E5:7@ P O? 5 *3@<3@997>A?43@9F7DB7@67=67D7F*8G@6 P O? P O 7?E P O? P "L O7/ O 7/ :O 7/ 3 %A@8;9GD3E;7>7=FDA@@K3363>3: ))&)&)
4 %3D7@3=A@8;9GD3E;7>7=FDA@F;63=EF34;>G@FG=?7@53B3; =7EF34;>3@3FA?=3>;G?57@67DG@947D73=E;67@93@3FA? >3;@3F3G?7?47D@FG=;A@%67@93@53D3?7>7B3E=3@ 7>7=FDA@@K3
Bab 9 Teori Relativitas Khusus Tes Kompetensi Awal
!7D3=D7>3F;8363>3:97D3=K3@96;F;@<3G63D;=7D3@9=335G3@ F7DF7@FG *363=3EGEF36;<;=36;F;@<3G63D;=7D3@9=335G3@ BA:A@K3@96;3??3=3@@63>3:K3@947D97D3=
-;63= ?G@9=;@ ; 3>3? ;@; =757B3F3@ F7DF;@99; 363>3: =757B3F3@53:3K3K3;FGP ?E
Tes Kompetensi Subbab A
'3@GE;3 63:G>G 47DB3@63@93@ 43:I3 97>A?43@9 53:3K3 ?7D3?43F?7>3>G;EG3FG?76;G? *3633I3>3436=7 B3D3 3:>; 47D:;BAF7E;E 43:I3 ?76;G? F7DE74GF 363>3: 7F7D K3@9 F7DE743DE3?B3;DG3@9>G3D3@9=3E3
*D;@E;BD7>3F;H;F3E!3>;>7A6;=7@3>E74393;BD;@E;BD7>3F;H;F3E =>3E;==3D7@3:3@K347D=3;F3@67@93@:G=G? :G=G?97D3= (7IFA@ !7D3=63@B7DE3?33@97D3=EG3FG47@63E3?363>3? E7?G3=7D3@9=335G3@;@7DE;3>
'7FA67K3@96;>3=G=3@63>3?B7D5A433@'AD>7K ';5:7>EA@ 363>3:67@93@53D3?7@9:;FG@9I3=FGK3@96;B7D>G=3@G@FG= ?7@53B3;<3D3=K3@9E3?3<;=33D3:53:3K3E73D3:67@93@3D3: 97D3= 7F7D 63@ <;=3 53:3K3 F793= >GDGE 67@93@ 3D3: 7F7D
%7E;?BG>3@63D;B7D5A433@;FGF7D@K3F3I3=FGK3@96;B7D>G=3@ E3?3E3<3 DF;@K3=757B3F3@53:3K3;FGF7F3B63@7F7DF;63= 363
Tes Kompetensi Subbab B
, 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 3 ? 4 ? .?GDF3:G@63@G?GDF3:G@
A.
Pilihan Ganda 5 3 5
6 4
3 7
5
6
4 5
Tes Kompetensi Subbab D
-7D3E7>7?7@43=3D?A67D3FAD43F3@9=7@63>;) " $63@ B7@6;@9;@
+73=FAD63K3D73=FADBDA6G=E;;EAFAB63@D73=FADB7@7>;F;3@
3>3?4;63@9=76A=F7D3@D36;A;EAFAB6;>3=G=3@67@93@53D3 ?7@KG@F;==3@;EAFABD36;A3=F;8=763>3?FG4G: ;EAFABF7DE74GF =7?G6;3@ 6;F3@9=3B A>7: 67F7=FAD 6; >G3D FG4G: E7:;@993 6;B7DA>7:93?43D3@K3@9?7@G@3? FG4G:
7 5
B. Soal Uraian
B 5
,P ?E *
* ,
Bab 10 Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas Tes Kompetensi Awal
(A?AD3FA?363>3:@;>3;K3@9?7@G@3:BDAFA@ 3F3G7>7=FDA@63>3?3FA?@7FD3>E763@9=3@@A?AD?3EE3363>3: @;>3;K3@9?7@G@3:BDAFA@63@@7GFDA@63>3?;@F; 3FA?
*7>GDG:3@363>3:BDAE7EB7DG43:3@EG3FG;@F;3F3G?7@<36; ;@F;3FA?43DG
+73=E;@G=>;D?7DGB3=3@D73=E;K3@9?7>;43F=3@=A?BA@7@ ;@F;3FA?E7:;@993?7@9:3E;>=3@;@F;43DGE763@9=3@D73=E; =;?;3363>3:D73=E;K3@9:3@K3?7>;43F=3@7>7=FDA@K3@9363 B363=G>;F3FA?63@F;63=?7@9:3E;>=3@;@F;3FA?43DG
Tes Kompetensi Subbab A
87=@K3 ?3EE3 ;@F; 3FA? K3@9 F7D47@FG= >74;: D;@93@ 63D; ?3EE3FAF3>@G=>7A@B7?47@FG=@K3;@;6;3=;43F=3@E7439;3@ ?3EE3@G=>7A@47DG43:?7@<36;7@7D9;G@FG=?7?47@FG=;@F;
3 # E?3 4 '7/ 3 # E?3 4 '7/ 5 '7/ Tes Kompetensi Subbab B
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P O Tes Kompetensi Subbab C
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A.
Pilihan Ganda 3 4 5
7 3
6 4
3
5
7 6
7 5
B. Soal Uraian
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Tes Kompetensi Fisika Semester 2 A.
Pilihan Ganda 6 6 6
4 7
3 5
6
5 5 4 5
7 3 7
B. Soal Uraian
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Tes Kompetensi Akhir A.
Pilihan Ganda 4
6 6
3 6
7 5
6 7
5
4 6 5 6 6
7 3 4 5 4
B.
Soal Uraian , ?E 6 P O(E 3 P O? 4 ,P ?E 5 P O7 6 P "L 7/
Kunci Jawaban
299
Apendiks Simbol-Simbol Matematika
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Apendiks
301
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