ABSTRAK
PERBANDINGAN EFEK SEDUHAN KOPI ROBUSTA (Coffea canephora) DAN KOPI ARABICA (Coffea arabica) TERHADAP TEKANAN DARAH WANITA DEWASA Roesita Shinta Dewi , 2011
Pembimbing I : Djusena, dr., AIF Pembimbing II: Dr. Meilinah Hidayat, dr., M.Kes
Prevalensi hipertensi di Indonesia sekitar 31,7%. Hipertensi dapat diakibatkan oleh konsumsi makanan/minuman dengan kafein berlebihan. Kafein meningkatkan tekanan darah sesuai dengan jumlah kafein yang dikonsumsi. Biji kopi mengandung kafein yang jumlahnya berbeda antar spesies. Tujuan penelitian menilai efek konsumsi seduhan kopi Robusta dan seduhan kopi Arabica terhadap tekanan darah wanita dewasa dan membandingkan presentase peningkatan tekanan darah keduanya. Desain penelitian kuasi eksperimental dengan cross over design dengan wash out 2 minggu. Data yang diukur tekanan darah sistol dan diastol 30 wanita dewasa. Pengukuran menggunakan metode gabungan. Analisis data menggunakan uji t berpasangan dan uji t tidak berpasangan dengan α=0,05. Tingkat kemaknaan berdasarkan nilai p<0,05. Hasil penelitian seduhan kopi Robusta meningkatkan tekanan darah sistol sebesar 14,13(6,39)mmHg atau 13,52(7,11)% dan diastol sebesar 9,53(4,54)mmHg atau 14,20(7,67)%. Sedangkan, seduhan kopi Arabica meningkatkan tekanan darah sistol sebesar 8,20(3,29)mmHg atau 7,78(3,28)% dan diastol sebesar 6,33(4,27)mmHg atau 9,45(7,58)% (p=0.00). Kopi Robusta lebih meningkatkan tekanan darah dari pada kopi Arabika dengan rerata perbedaan peningkatan tekanan sistol sebesar 5,74% (p=0,00) dan tekanan diastol sebesar 4,75% (p=0,02). Simpulan konsumsi seduhan kopi Robusta dan seduhan kopi Arabica meningkatkan tekanan darah wanita dewasa dimana presentase peningkatan tekanan darah setelah konsumsi seduhan kopi Robusta lebih tinggi daripada setelah konsumsi seduhan kopi Arabica. KATA KUNCI kopi, robusta, arabica , tekanan darah
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ABSTRACT
THE EFFECT OF ROBUSTA COFFEE (Coffea canephora) AND ARABICA COFFEE (Coffea arabica) ON WOMEN’S BLOOD PRESSURE Roesita Shinta Dewi , 2011
Supervisor I: Djusena, dr., AIF Supervisor II: Dr. Meilinah Hidayat, dr.,
M.Kes Prevalence of Hypertension in Indonesia is about 31.7%. Hypertension is caused by over consumption of caffeinated foods/drinks. Caffeine increase blood pressure depends on the amount of caffeine consumption. Coffee beans contain caffeine. The amount of caffeine in each coffee bean is different between one species and another. This study was carried out to determine the effect of consuming Robusta and Arabica coffee on blood pressure and the difference of Robusta and Arabica coffee in increasing women’s blood pressure. This study was a quasi experimental with cross over design with 2weeks washed out. The measured data consisted of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in 30women. Measurement of blood pressure used palpation and auscultation. The statistical analysis used paired and unpaired t-test (α=0.05). Meaning value based on p<0.05. The results were Robusta coffee increased systolic blood pressure about 14.13(6.39)mmHg or 13.52(7.11)% and diastolic blood pressure about 9.53(4.54)mmHg or 14.20(7.67)%. However, Arabica coffee increased systolic blood pressure about 8.20(3.29)mmHg or 7.78(3.28)% and diastolic blood pressure about 6.33(4.27)mmHg or 9.45(7.58)% (p=0.00). Robusta increases blood pressure higher than Arabica with mean difference of systolic about 5.74% (p=0.00) and diastolic about 4.75% (p=0.02). Conclusion were both of Robusta and Arabica coffee increased women’s blood pressure and Robusta coffee consumption significantly increased women’s blood pressure higher than Arabica coffee consumption. Key words coffee, robusta, arabica, blood pressure.
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DAFTAR ISI halaman JUDUL ............................................................................................................. i LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN .......................................................................... ii SURAT PERNYATAAN ............................................................................... iii ABSTRAK ....................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT...................................................................................................... v KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................................... vi DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................... viii DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................... xi DAFTAR GAMBAR ...................................................................................... xii DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .................................................................................. xiii BAB I PENDAHULUAN .............................................................................. 1.1 Latar Belakang ............................................................................. 1.2 Identifikasi Masalah .................................................................... 1.3 Tujuan .......................................................................................... 1.4 Manfaat ........................................................................................ 1.5 Kerangka Pemikiran dan Hipotesis ............................................. 1.5.1 Kerangka Pemikiran .......................................................... 1.5.2 Hipotesis ............................................................................ 1.6 Metodologi................................................................................... 1.7 Lokasi dan Waktu ........................................................................
1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ................................................................... 2.1 Jantung ......................................................................................... 2.1.1 Anatomi Jantung ............................................................... 2.1.1.1 Bentuk, Ukuran dan Posisi Jantung ..................... 2.1.1.2 Lapisan Pembungkus Jantung .............................. 2.1.1.3 Dinding Jantung ................................................... 2.1.1.4 Ruangan Jantung .................................................. 2.1.1.5 Katup Jantung....................................................... 2.1.1.6 Perdarahan Jantung .............................................. 2.1.1.7 Persarafan Jantung ............................................... 2.1.2 Fisiologi Jantung ............................................................... 2.1.2.1 Aliran Darah Jantung .......................................... 2.1.2.2 Sistem Konduksi Jantung .................................... 2.1.2.3 Siklus Jantung ..................................................... 2.1.2.4 Bunyi Jantung...................................................... 2.1.2.5 Frekuensi Jantung................................................ 2.1.2.6 Curah Jantung...................................................... 2.2 Tekanan Darah ............................................................................. 2.2.1 Definisi Tekanan Darah .................................................... 2.2.2 Asal Tekanan Darah .......................................................... 2.2.3 Faktor Yang Pengaruhi Tekanan Darah ............................
5 5 5 5 6 7 7 8 10 12 14 14 15 16 18 19 19 22 22 22 22
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2.2.3.1 Faktor Jantung ...................................................... 2.2.3.2 Faktor Tahanan Perifer ......................................... 2.2.3.3 Faktor Tambahan ................................................. 2.2.4 Pengaturan Tekanan Darah ............................................... 2.2.4.1 Pengaturan Saraf .................................................. 2.2.4.2 Pengaturan Kimia dan Hormonal ......................... 2.2.5 Pengukuran Tekanan Darah Arteri Sistolik dan Diastolik 2.2.6 Klasifikasi Tekanan Darah ............................................... 2.3 Kelainan Tekanan Darah Hipertensi ........................................... 2.3.1 Definisi Hipertensi ........................................................... 2.3.2 Etiologi Penyakit Hipertensi ............................................ 2.3.3 Patofisiologi Hipertensi .................................................... 2.3.4 Faktor Penyebab Hipertensi ............................................. 2.3.5 Gejala Hipertensi .............................................................. 2.3.6 Komplikasi ....................................................................... 2.3.7 Diagnosis .......................................................................... 2.3.8 Pengobatan Hipertensi ..................................................... 2.4 Kopi ............................................................................................. 2.4.1 Kopi Robusta.................................................................... 2.4.1.1 Taksonomi ........................................................... 2.4.1.2 Morfologi ............................................................ 2.4.1.3 Kandungan Kimia ............................................... 2.4.1.4 Kegunaan dan Khasiat......................................... 2.4.2 Kopi Arabica .................................................................... 2.4.2.1 Taksonomi ........................................................... 2.4.2.2 Morfologi ............................................................ 2.4.2.3 Kandungan Kimia ............................................... 2.4.2.4 Kegunaan dan Khasiat ......................................... 2.4.3 Kafein ...............................................................................
22 23 23 24 25 26 27 29 29 29 29 30 32 33 33 34 35 36 36 36 36 37 37 37 37 38 38 39 39
BAB III BAHAN, SUBJEK DAN METODE PENELITIAN ..................... 3.1 Bahan, Alat dan Subjek Penelitian .............................................. 3.1.1 Bahan dan Alat Penelitian ................................................. 3.1.2 Subjek Penelitian............................................................... 3.2 Metode Penelitian ....................................................................... 3.2.1 Desain Penelitian .............................................................. 3.2.2 Variabel Penelitian ........................................................... 3.2.2.1 Definisi Konsepsional Variabel........................... 3.2.2.2 Definisi Operasional Variabel ............................. 3.2.3 Besar Sampel Penelitian .................................................. 3.2.4 Prosedur Kerja ................................................................. 3.2.5 Metode Analisis ............................................................... 3.2.5.1 Hipotesis Penelitian ............................................. 3.2.5.2 Kriteria Uji .......................................................... 3.2.6 Aspek Etik Penelitian .......................................................
42 42 42 42 43 43 43 43 44 44 44 46 46 47 47
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BAB IV HASIL, PEMBAHASAN DAN UJI HIPOTESIS ........................ 4.1 Hasil dan Pembahasan................................................................. 4.2 Uji Hipotesis................................................................................
48 48 54
BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ........................................................ 5.1 Kesimpulan.................................................................................. 5.2 Saran ............................................................................................
55 55 55
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..................................................................................... LAMPIRAN .................................................................................................... RIWAYAT HIDUP ........................................................................................
57 61 68
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DAFTAR TABEL Tabel Tabel Tabel Tabel Tabel Tabel Tabel Tabel
2.1 Klasifikasi Tekanan Darah .................................................................. 29 2.2 Perbandingan Antara Robusta dengan Arabica ................................... 39 4.1 Hasil Uji Normalitas Data ................................................................... 48 4.2 Rerata Tekanan Darah Sistol dan Diastol Sebelum dan Setelah Mengkonsumsi Seduhan Kopi Robusta (mmHg) ................................ 49 4.3 Hasil Uji t Berpasangan Untuk Konsumsi Seduhan Kopi Robusta .... 50 4.4 Rerata Tekanan Darah Sistol dan Diastol Sebelum dan Setelah Mengkonsumsi Seduhan Kopi Arabica (mmHg) ................................ 51 4.5 Hasil Uji t Berpasangan Untuk Konsumsi Seduhan Kopi Arabica ..... 52 4.6 Hasil Uji t Tidak Berpasangan Untuk Perbedaan Presentase Kenaikan Tekanan Darah Setelah Konsumsi Seduhan Kopi Robusta dan Kopi Arabica ................................................................................................ 52
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DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 2.1 Gambar 2.2 Gambar 2.3 Gambar 2.4 Gambar 2.5 Gambar 2.6 Gambar 2.7 Gambar 2.8 Gambar 2.9 Gambar 2.10 Gambar 2.11 Gambar 2.12 Gambar 2.13 Gambar 2.14 Gambar 2.15 Gambar 2.16 Gambar 2.17 Gamber 2.18 Gambar 2.19 Gambar 2.20 Gambar 2.21 Gambar 2.22 Gambar 2.23 Gambar 2.24
Jantung Manusia .............................................................................. 5 Pelapis Jantung ................................................................................ 6 Dinding Jantung............................................................................... 7 Katup Trikuspidalis .......................................................................... 8 Katup Mitralis ................................................................................... 9 Katup Pulmonal dan Katup Aorta .................................................. 10 Katup Jantung ................................................................................. 10 Arteri Coronaria ............................................................................. 11 Vena Cardiaca ................................................................................ 12 Persarafan Jantung .......................................................................... 13 Aliran Darah Jantung ...................................................................... 14 Sistem Konduksi Jantung ............................................................... 16 Siklus Jantung ................................................................................. 18 Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Curah Jantung....................... 21 Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Tekanan Darah ................................. 24 Pengaturan Saraf Terhadap Tekanan Darah ................................... 25 Pengaturan Hormonal Terhadap Tekanan Darah ........................... 26 Pengukuran Tekanan Darah ........................................................... 28 Sistem Renin Angiotensin-Aldosteron ........................................... 31 Komplikasi Hipertensi .................................................................... 34 Kopi Robusta .................................................................................. 36 Kopi Arabica .................................................................................. 38 Struktur Kimia Kafein (Trimethylxanthine): C8H10N4O2 ............ 39 Metabolisme Kafein ....................................................................... 40
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Lampiran 1 Surat Keputusan Komisi Etik Penelitian.......................................... 61 Lampiran 2 Hasil Pengukuran Tekanan Darah Sistol dan Diastol Sebelum dan Setelah Konsumsi Seduhan Kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora) ....... 62 Lampiran 3 Hasil Pengukuran Tekanan Darah Sistol dan Diastol Sebelum dan Sesudah Konsumsi Kopi Arabica (Coffea arabica) ......................... 63 Lampiran 4 Hasil Uji Statistik Tekanan Darah Sistol dan Diastol Sebelum dan Setelah Konsumsi Seduhan Kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora) ....... 64 Lampiran 5 Hasil Uji Statistik Tekanan Darah Sistol dan Diastol Sebelum dan Sesudah Konsumsi Seduhan Kopi Arabica (Coffea arabica) .......... 65 Lampiran 6 Hasil Uji Statistik Presentase Kenaikan Tekanan Darah Sistol dan Diastol Setelah Konsumsi Seduhan Kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora) Dan Seduhan Kopi Arabica (Coffea arabica) .. 66 Lampiran 7 Surat Pernyataan Persetujuan Untuk Ikut Serta Dalam Penelitian (Informed Consent) .......................................................................... 67
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